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Ofline
Hydrothermal carbonization can directly convert sloppy stillage into hard or activated carbon.
Credit: Jackdude101/CC BY-SA 4.0
Bourbon is a multi-billion-dollar market, but the American barrel-aged whiskey also produces a lot of wasted grain at distilleries. Chemists at the University of Kentucky developed a method to transform that stillage into electrodes and used those electrodes to build supercapacitors with energy storage capacity on par with existing commercial devices. They presented their work at a meeting of the American Chemical Society in Atlanta, Georgia.
US distillers began making bourbon in the 18th century, particularly in Kentucky, but it really took off commercially, in terms of consumption and exports, after World War II. Legally, a whiskey can only be sold as bourbon if its mash is comprised of at least 51 percent corn, with any other cereal grain (usually rye and barley) making up the remainder.
The grain is ground up and mixed with water, and mash from a previous distillation is added to create a sour mash. The addition of yeast launches fermentation, after which the mash is distilled to a clear spirit called “white dog.” That spirit is poured into charred new oak barrels for aging of at least two years. It’s the caramelized sugars and vanillin in the charred wood that give bourbon its distinctive dark color and flavor. The barrels are never reused for bourbon, typically being recycled for making barrel-aged beer, wine, and even barbecue and hot sauces.
While the barrels are recycled, a lot of the watery used mash (stillage) goes to waste. Josiel Barrios Cossio, a graduate student in chemistry at the University of Kentucky, was shocked to learn that for every final barrel of bourbon produced, there are six to 10 times that number of barrels of wasted stillage. It’s often sold to farmers as livestock feed or soil additives, but it’s expensive to dry out and difficult to transport while wet. Barrios Cossio and his PI, Marcelo Guzman, thought it might be possible to convert the watery stillage into useful carbon materials using a high-intensity pressure cooking technique known as hydrothermal carbonization.
Researchers converted bourbon distillery waste (left) into electrodes for supercapacitors (right) that store more energy per kilogram than commercial devices. Credit: Josiel Barrios Cossio
The lab has good relationships with several distillery owners, who were happy to let the pair take samples of waste stillage from their facilities. Cossio and Guzman poured the stillage into a reactor and used heat and pressure to turn it into a black powder. That powder was then heated to 392 F (200 C) in a furnace to turn it into hard carbon (similar to graphite); in some cases, they added potassium hydroxide and heated the stillage to 1472 F (800 C) to create activated carbon. Both forms confer different advantages for energy storage.
Cossio and Guzman used the activated carbon as electrodes, creating double-layer capacitors by putting a liquid electrolyte between them. These proof-of-concept devices were able to store as much as 48 watts per kilogram. Encouraged, they next built a hybrid device, with one activated carbon electrode and one hard carbon electrode, and infused both with lithium ions. The result: the hybrid version could store as much as 25 times the energy per kilogram as a conventional supercapacitor.
There’s still a good bit of research to be done to build larger versions of their supercapacitors. The pair would also like to study the economic feasibility of scaling up their method, as well as its overall sustainability.
Credit: Jackdude101/CC BY-SA 4.0
Bourbon is a multi-billion-dollar market, but the American barrel-aged whiskey also produces a lot of wasted grain at distilleries. Chemists at the University of Kentucky developed a method to transform that stillage into electrodes and used those electrodes to build supercapacitors with energy storage capacity on par with existing commercial devices. They presented their work at a meeting of the American Chemical Society in Atlanta, Georgia.
US distillers began making bourbon in the 18th century, particularly in Kentucky, but it really took off commercially, in terms of consumption and exports, after World War II. Legally, a whiskey can only be sold as bourbon if its mash is comprised of at least 51 percent corn, with any other cereal grain (usually rye and barley) making up the remainder.
The grain is ground up and mixed with water, and mash from a previous distillation is added to create a sour mash. The addition of yeast launches fermentation, after which the mash is distilled to a clear spirit called “white dog.” That spirit is poured into charred new oak barrels for aging of at least two years. It’s the caramelized sugars and vanillin in the charred wood that give bourbon its distinctive dark color and flavor. The barrels are never reused for bourbon, typically being recycled for making barrel-aged beer, wine, and even barbecue and hot sauces.
While the barrels are recycled, a lot of the watery used mash (stillage) goes to waste. Josiel Barrios Cossio, a graduate student in chemistry at the University of Kentucky, was shocked to learn that for every final barrel of bourbon produced, there are six to 10 times that number of barrels of wasted stillage. It’s often sold to farmers as livestock feed or soil additives, but it’s expensive to dry out and difficult to transport while wet. Barrios Cossio and his PI, Marcelo Guzman, thought it might be possible to convert the watery stillage into useful carbon materials using a high-intensity pressure cooking technique known as hydrothermal carbonization.
Researchers converted bourbon distillery waste (left) into electrodes for supercapacitors (right) that store more energy per kilogram than commercial devices. Credit: Josiel Barrios Cossio
The lab has good relationships with several distillery owners, who were happy to let the pair take samples of waste stillage from their facilities. Cossio and Guzman poured the stillage into a reactor and used heat and pressure to turn it into a black powder. That powder was then heated to 392 F (200 C) in a furnace to turn it into hard carbon (similar to graphite); in some cases, they added potassium hydroxide and heated the stillage to 1472 F (800 C) to create activated carbon. Both forms confer different advantages for energy storage.
Cossio and Guzman used the activated carbon as electrodes, creating double-layer capacitors by putting a liquid electrolyte between them. These proof-of-concept devices were able to store as much as 48 watts per kilogram. Encouraged, they next built a hybrid device, with one activated carbon electrode and one hard carbon electrode, and infused both with lithium ions. The result: the hybrid version could store as much as 25 times the energy per kilogram as a conventional supercapacitor.
There’s still a good bit of research to be done to build larger versions of their supercapacitors. The pair would also like to study the economic feasibility of scaling up their method, as well as its overall sustainability.